Phoenician civilization and influence gradually collapsed over several centuries, starting with the conquest of its city-states by the Persians in 539 BC. See also: Naval architecture Ship design Shipbuilding The bireme, which was a galley with a double row of oars, was one of the most notable ships invented by the Phoenicians. They were experts and innovators in the practice of shipbuilding. See also: Caenogastropoda Cedar Dye Dyeing Forest timber resources Olive Prosobranchia Wineīy the standards of their time, the Phoenicians were supreme in their maritime endeavors. In addition to this rich dye, other notable commercial products for trade included olive oil, wine, and cedar timber. The significance of the color purple has been attributed to the valuable purple dye (obtained from Murex snails) that was one of the most important trading products of the Phoenicians. The ancient Greeks were the originators of the term “Phoenicia,” which derives from an ancient Greek word ( phoinikes) for the color purple. The Phoenicians likely referred to themselves as Canaanites. See also: Anthropology Archeology Earliest seafaring Mediterranean Sea During the height of their civilization (1200–600 BC), the Phoenicians established trading posts and colonies throughout the Mediterranean region, including northern Africa, Sicily, and Spain. Organized as a loose confederation of independent city-states (including Byblos, Sidon, and Tyre), the Phoenicians were the preeminent maritime traders of their time. The Phoenician civilization flourished along the eastern coastlines of the Mediterranean Sea (the present-day coasts of Syria, Lebanon, and northern Israel) from approximately 2000 BC to 500 BC.
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